C's Enormous Research Literature Stash™

Xerophloea nymphs are rather distinctively shaped, especially when no longer small

Here's another filler image for decoration. The Xerophloea, Micrutalis, and singular Graphocephala female have all been doing well now that I seem to be getting a hang of the invisible mystery forces that increase and decrease host palatability over time, although I'm still trying to find a shelter object for the disabled Eleodes acuticauda female that it won't either reject the smell of or get its senile legs caught on. Finding the teneb a piece of bark that doesn't smell like mold is a weirdly difficult task in this part of the country.





But without further ado, here's some research papers/books that I've found fun and/or useful. Useful ones that are not fun are clustered together, for your convenience. I expect to periodically update this every now and then (last update: 9/12).

An insect-induced novel plant phenotype for sustaining social life in a closed system
(aphids bioengineering trippy gall-sanitation systems)

Hidden in plain orange: aposematic coloration is cryptic to a colorblind insect predator

Learning ability and longevity: a symmetrical evolutionary trade-off in Drosophila

Controlled iris radiance in a diurnal fish looking at prey
(no not bioluminescence, it's cooler than that)

Lethal trap created by adaptive evolutionary response to an exotic resource

Glassfrogs conceal blood in their liver to maintain transparency

Fungus and fruit consumption by harvestmen and spiders (Opiliones, Araneae): the vegetarian side of two predominantly predaceous arachnid groups

Screenshots section:

head egg...

ugh I'm too depressed gonna post the rest later

But let's put the complaining aside for a moment

 

As a filler image here's a red-beige Micrutalis female I raised (it's not teneral). I didn't know this particular Micrutalis species even had a morph like this, I've never seen any adults with red in the field (only ones with varying amounts of black and beige). I've long known other members of the genus had red morphs, though.






Anyways, here is a neat study about something I've long been curious about: how pollen-nonfeeding close relatives of Heliconius die of old age. According to previous papers Heliconius's close relative the julia (Dryas iulia) gradually suffers malnutrition as a result of the primarily* nectar-based diet being poor in certain nutrients, and soon dies from this no matter how well fed it is; Heliconius reportedly avoids this fate by having evolved pollen feeding and is thus relatively longlived (a number of other longlived-adult lep taxa have been known to achieve their lifespans via adult consumption of fermenting fruit, which contains important microbial nutrients and presumably functions as an analogue of pollen feeding. Note that Danaus plexippus isn't exactly a fruitrot drinker and doesn't consume pollen either; I assume it achieves long adult life via some mechanism unrelated to adult diet).
*Julia is known to puddlefeed in the wild.

Long story short, this study disputes that classic story to some extent; some notable bits I found interesting:
- Dryas iulia fed a sugar solution with pollen in it exhibited a normal adult lifespan, but there were subtle behavioral changes
- D. iulia adult exhibits signs of DNA damage and weakened antioxidant activity with age, in other words its short adult lifespan appears to be in part or in whole due to "classical aging" as opposed to malnutrition death
- It was offhandedly mentioned that butterflies (paper was unclear about whether this happened to Dryas, Heliconius, or both) "were spotted flying vigorously around the cages just hours before being found dead"; this is in contrast to many insects, which tend to become listless and/or flightless a day or three before senescence-related death








But a different study I'm too tired to link said somewhere that putting pollen into sugar solution isn't "enough" or something like that (despite claims to the contrary), and that because of this Heliconius has proteases in its saliva. And the study I did link to didn't give the pollen in the sugar solution any fancy special treatment (nor did they test how much of the pollen-derived nutrients were actually being absorbed by the adult julias), so it's possible that D. iulia may have lacked the digestive enzymes to absorb most of what was in the pollen (although the subtle behavioral changes suggest that the D. iulia absorbed at least some pollen substance).



With that being said, though, given that D. iulia exhibits physiological signs consistent with "classical aging", even if some researcher made some magic pollen formula that was concretely proven to be absorbable by julias and other pollen nonfeeding butterflies I'm pretty sure they'd not live much longer than they normally do. 

Somewhat relatedly, the jawed moth Micropterix calthella appears naturally shortlived despite being able to consume pollen (paywalled paper; relevant text reproduced below).

entropy wins another round

 Due to a certain incident involving the police (no not ICE), a significant portion of my plant and bug collection has been destroyed (mostly the plants). Gemma-making iridescent probablyfern dead. Dictyssa eggs dead. Native gastropods dead. Probably all my ungerminated seeds dead. Preserved insects and vertebrates... well, they can't get any deader, but they're gone now. The police didn't actually do any of it by the way. Despite never even showing up to bother me, they indirectly helped cause the incident in a way that is banal but which I will not describe here because it would indirectly cause a small leak in my personal privacy.

List of survivors:
- Nongemmiferous probably-fern gametophyte (if I haven't told you, I realized that despite my previous comments it does seem to iridesce after all, or if not at least develops a metallic sheen)
- Chinese cryptogams, adventive hothouse cryptogams, at least some dried lichen samples, Calasterella
- The one Cryptocephalus sanguinicollis larva that still hasn't pupated
- Millipedes that might be Cylindrodesmus
- All the sucking hoppers besides the Dictyssa eggs
- Cuscuta subinclusa (C. californica is possibly dead of unrelated mental illness related neglect)
- That disabled Eleodes acuticauda I keep making offhand references to
- The big Salix lasiolepis (small willows died of unrelated causes remember?) and both Croton californicus
- Weird mystery angiosperm I will probably offhandedly mention a few years later

I have so little control over the trajectory of my own life. Being intelligent and persevering just doesn't work sometimes.

Minor note

 Xerophloea nymphs! Photo kind of blurry so I'm posting it as blue text.

Also Micrutalis have not re-complained when I brought their host back indoors and the single Graphocephala cythura female is contentedly feeding on the same Croton too. Perhaps it was my better lighting. Perhaps the now more well-established root system is making the host more well hydrated and thus easier to drink from. God knows.

I wish I had more interesting complex dynamics in my life

nymphs are dimorphic

As there is no light visible at the end of the tunnel, however, here are the latest boring updates on my specimens:

- Micrutalis nymphs and adults are still doing well. The ones that aren't being eaten, I mean. At night little spiders sometimes show up and bite them, apparently whatever they sequester from their host isn't enough to protect them from Generic Generalist Predators. It seems that bringing their host indoors causes subtle phytochemical changes that may(?) make them freak out and die which is why I've been leaving them outdoors. The ones in the pic seem to be last instar btw.

- On the other hand Xerophloea peltata are both still alive and enjoying the great indoors. I saw the green one oviposit last night.

- I've been calling my non-gemmiferous Mysterious Fern-Type Gametophyte Thing the "noniridescent gametophyte" but recently noted it does apparently iridesce under certain conditions? Will post photo later cause I'm unmotivated but I got a photo of it doing that. The fact that the first two ferns I've grown have been doing that suggest that iridescence is a widespread and undernoticed phenomenon in fern gametophytes in general.

- That one Cryptocephalus larva still hasn't pupated like its brethren. It's been in its drought dormancy mode for the past weeks, I've been slacking on its care from depression. It doesn't seem to mind too much fortunately, I'd feel bad if it did.

- The nearly legless Eleodes has been refusing to hide under its cardboard these past months for some reason. I've repeatedly tried changing its substrate, changing its hides, nothing seems to work. This is not a problem for which caresheets offer any help. I nevertheless have a feeling I'm about to be figuring things out.

- Cylindrodesmus-type millipedes continue to breed, eat cereal, etc.

- Calasterella recovering from a watering mistake I made but otherwise isn't doing anything. Some of the chinese and other exotic cryptogams are still alive.

- Dodders and other angiosperms not doing anything worth my time to mention.

blahblah

 Dictyssa female expired from natural causes. Presumed male escaped, I have not refound it in 2 days so it's probably doomed. I want to stop rearing insects, I really do, they're so boring and it's not worth the risk and effort and isn't that conservationally beneficial anyway but I've seen the way even synanthropic Neoscona keep deflating and dying compared to only a handful of yrs ago and D. obliqua is seemingly a summer phenology specialist (the most drought prone time of year!) and with the rapidity of anthropogenic precipitation decr- forget it you've heard my complaining a million times. My life's a garbage fire and not just for ento-related reasons. There're mold spores in my hair right now and large parts of my personality are missing.

A few Micrutalis matured.

Micrutalis nymphs hatched

Their host is in even worse shape than before but the nymphs inexplicably seem content and aren't restless. Sometimes they don't move even when poked.

My blood pressure goes up for the 99999th time

 

 

The willow worm is done ripening! Looks like we've an Iridopsis on our hands. Few moths seem to behave normally in enclosures smaller than room size so I'm gonna release it in the nearby suburbs tonight or something (unlike the hoppers it came from the suburbs so it'll survive there).

Dictyssa and Xerophloea are still doing ok but I should probably release the latter as I'm having trouble keeping them in an environment that's comfy for both them and their host, the host drops leaves indoors and I'm afraid the hopper will overheat outdoors.

The Graphocephala's preferred willow has also mysteriously dried up seemingly from rot (which is weird if you consider the big willow is still doing fine in microbe-infested swamp sludge), and now it's stressed and I'm stressed and because of inconvenient personal-life problems going on right now I can't go to the woods right now and release it. The dicty eggs were on that small willow too so I scraped them off and am vaguely hoping they don't die on me.

I'm also pretty miserable for the usual insect-unrelated reasons.

Hopper updates

One of the Dictyssa was female as I suspected! Caught it sticking eggs into willow leaves (strangely not in the midrib, in the sides) tonight. Also note that the egg is external (as opposed to being invisible embedded in the plant tissue):

Xerophloea have been moved to a locally nonnative malvaceous plant cutting, which they accepted. Willow and dodder were on the other hand not considered suitable hosts. No signs of oviposition from either yet.

White hopper turned out to be Graphocephala cythura

 

it's blue when teneral

Native here, but an obscure record mentions it having invaded Hawaii, which is concerning. While some invasive taxa are certainly under threat in their native ranges and G. cythura appears more or less unable to survive in the suburbs here (well, either that or occurs in low enough densities that I've never seen it) I don't think it's in much conservational danger.



Also let me vomit some generic photos of the aforementioned Xerophloea duo (note their close textural/color resemblance to Croton) because I've nothing better to do. I'm so bored, photography is so dull.

They're a pretty widespread species too but I'm keeping them around because it costs me nothing and cause I suspect they might be locally (if not globally) in danger.

Update: after hardening the blue has mostly gone away, it's green now.

Oh, and by the way, the willow worm's big now.